Alternate name

al‐Khatīb al‐Umawī al‐Qurṭubī

Born Cordova, (Spain), 1120

Died Seville, (Spain), 1205/1206

Abū al‐Ḥasan al‐Umawī, known as al‐Khaṭīb (the preacher), was an expert in the Islamic religious sciences and the Arabic language. He wrote a number of treatises among which there are two on Arabic ethnoastronomy: Kitāb al‐Luʾluʾ al‐manẓūm fī maʿrifat al‐awqāt bi‐ʾl‐nujūm (Book of the pearl in the necklace on the knowledge of time by means of the stars) and Kitāb al‐Anwāʾ (Book about the Anwāʾ). The book belongs to a genre that aims to compile astronomical and meteorological materials from traditional Arabic lore inside the framework of the anwāʾ, periods of 13 days defined by the risings and settings of certain asterisms (lunar mansions) located along the lunar ecliptic, which account for the complete solar year. Umawī's main source is the Kitāb al‐Anwāʾ wa‐ʾl azmina by another Cordovan, Ibn ʿāṣim (died: 1013), who had compiled materials taken from philologists of eastern Islam from the 8th century onward.

As a religious scholar, Umawī expanded on and completed Ibn ʿāṣim's chapters on the procedures of Arabic folk astronomy that could help determine the times of prayers (mīqāt) or find the direction of Mecca (qibla). The treatise contains a method for determining night hours based upon the appearance of the asterisms of the anwāʾ system – this chapter seems to be related with Umawī's other astronomical treatise mentioned above, two series of lengths of shadows cast by a gnomon to determine prayer times (one of them written in a numerical notation, the Rūmī ciphers, found only in Andalusia and north Africa), and a long fragment on the possibility of observing Canopus (Suhayl) from Muslim Spain, a star used to determine the direction of Mecca. The author seems to be aware of more sophisticated forms of astronomy as he mentions two unusual sundials, the mīzān fazārī and the mukḥūla.

There are two possible reasons for Umawī's interest in continuing a tradition that by his time was two centuries old: First, the rulers of the period, the Almohads, used to train their sons in the observation of the asterisms of the anwāʾ system; and second, the Almohad mosques, unlike those built by their predecessors, the Almoravids, were often directed toward the rising of Canopus. About a century later, this treatise was used by the famous Moroccan astronomer Ibn al‐Bannāʾ as a source for his Kitāb fī al‐anwāʾ (Book on the anwāʾ). Only the second treatise has come down to us, albeit in fragmentary form (preserved in El Escorial Library, MS 941).